خلال القرن التاسع عشر، حينما كانت العقلية السائدة قائمة على مبدأ عدم التدخل وقصور التنظيم. كانت الأزمات تتوالى الواحدة تلو الأخرى. جلبت كل أزمة معها بعض الإصلاح. وهكذا تطورت البنوك المركزية.

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